How Awareness Is Crucial For L2 Development During Second...

Introduction Understanding if the role of awareness is crucial for L2 development in second language or foreign language acquisition research has been a highly debated topic. While there are many researchers who claim that awareness is not necessary for L2 uptake, a majority of research shows a positive trend that awareness plays a huge role in SL and FL uptake (Leow, 2000). According to Leow’s (2000) research, awareness is a necessary tool for L2 data to be taken in and processed, and that no learning would happen without awareness. In a previous study conducted by Leow, he determined that awareness can be categorized based on three characteristics: cognitive change, meta-awareness, and morphological rule formation (Leow, 2002). There†¦show more content†¦A fundamental concept behind language learning is through the understanding of Long’s Interaction hypothesis, which proposes that second language learning is aided by interactional processes because of the ro le of interaction in connecting â€Å"input, internal learner capacities, particularly selective attention, and output in productive ways† (Mackey, 2006). Feedback and interaction help result in modified output which is also helpful in language learning. Different varieties of interactions in SL/FL classroom settings are facilitated through form-focused instruction (Mackey, 2006). The feedback received from focusing on form is in response to learner errors during meaning focused communication (Mackey, 2006). Recasts and negotiation are used as forms when learners have comprehension or production errors. By narrowing the focus of language learning to certain problem areas, language learners will be prompted to pay more attention to linguistic forms (Mackey, 2006). When examining the research behind the cognitive processes in second language learning, attention and awareness are two key processes that aid in L2 development through interaction- as mentioned previously. â€Å" Attention allows learners to notice a gap between what they produce or know and what is produced by the speakers of the L2, and the perception of the gap or mismatch can lead to grammar restructuring† (Mackey, 2006). In order for attention and awareness to

Approval, An Action That Is Important Today s Society Essay

Approval, an action that is very important in today’s society even back then. When a person joins a group, club, or comes together in a relationship with someone, they first need the endorsement of the person or people. Approval is something I struggled to get when I first joined MCJROTC. The acceptance into that group was hard to get because of the requirements the people had made there on their own. First, there was an abundant amount of recommendations and asking for me to join the Physical Training team of the MCJROTC. My friend’s requests were like the hypnotizing eyes of Kaa the python from â€Å"The Jungle Book† film just asking for attention. After a while I finally convinced myself to go through with it. Once I got there I felt like the ugly duckling of the group. I didn’t have all green which made me stand out like a stain on a white shirt. I felt out of place without having anyone to communicate with. I just hoping someone would talk with me. T hat whole day I received many faces just saying â€Å"Who in the world are you?† As days progressed the PT team members opened up themselves more to me. After a whole semester I felt accepted towards some of the members, but to me it felt like a huge step. However, in the first semester there was a group that I still did not feel accepted by them, that group was the Advanced team or as they call themselves the Elites. They seemed to be the kings of all the PT team; everyone would bow as they stood to see us exercise. Everyone wasShow MoreRelatedSir Robert Peel : Moral And An Effective Police Drive1167 Words   |  5 Pagesand used today. Peel’s principles are relevant today as well because they give officers General Instructions to every single officer experienced or not experienced. It is like a set of ground for an officer that they must follow. The Principles of Sir Robert Peel, abridge the thoughts and ideas that Sir Robert Peel created to characterize a moral police constrain. The approach communicated in these standards is regularly known as policing by assent. All nine of these principles apply today, but theRead MoreBattle Royal By Ralph Ellison1308 Words   |  6 Pageshow the main character saw himself and caused the conflicts within himself. Battle Royal deals with racism and the suppression of the African American race and how it effected the actions of that culture. The main character of the story is an African American raised in a predominately white area in the early 1950 s, where there was very little acceptance of non-white cultures. Throughout the story the character goes through an extreme revelation about how he was taught by the white culture to perceiveRead MoreCultural Consideration1138 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal justice system cultural concerns and influences in today’s societies have its po sitive and negative aspects. Cultural concerns and influences raises a lot of attention of the affect it has on justice and the security administration. 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Leadership Communication Styles Inventory free essay sample

As a manager or leader of an organization of any kind, the power and ability to effectively lead others are in the choices made to build a healthy, motivational, and productive relationship with people on your team. We all influence others in some way, its Just that we seldom realize that we do or how we do it. Power in the workplace has traditionally been defined as force, dominance, assertiveness, strength, invincibility, and authority. In forward thinking corporations, power requires a commitment and a plan of action (Hale, 2010). Power and influence are somewhat interchangeable. Power is the capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others. Power is not the act of changing someonws attitudes or behavior; it is only the potential to do so. You might feel powerful or think you have power over someone else, but this is not power unless you truly have the capacity to influence that person (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). One of the hardest lessons of management is that practically everything that has to be done must be done by others. Manager ¤Ã‚ ¬ws duties not only include directing employees ut controlling the budget, assets, and other Jobs within the organization as well. Leadership is the ability to get people to do what they don ¬wt want to do and like it. In other words, the core problem for leaders in any organization involves getting others to do what is required to accomplish the organization ¤es goals (Michelson). The concept of power and its application to leadership and management has gotten a bad reputation. Terms such as power hungry, abuse of power and corrupted by power have diluted powerws real use and meaning and deprived some leaders f the opportunity to understand and use various forms of power to good purposes (Wood, 2010). I like to believe people misuse their power simply because they have it and are unaware of it. When used in a positive, moral, and ethical manner, power is an excellent resource. It requires the perception of dependence, so people might gain power by convincing others that they have something of value, whether or not they actually control that resource. Consequently power exists when others believe that you control resources they want (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 010). People rely on their emotion more frequently than they realize to make decisions, so to become a more powerful influencer, it is wise to consider othews values, personality, and intelligence and express confidence in the personws ability to accomplish the Job. The type of power applied affects the type of influence the power holder has over the other person or work unit. Everyone has power and I d believe that to be a bad thing. The issue becomes what kind of power a person has and how it is used. The most powerful source is based on one osition within an organization and the authority given in that position (Wood, 2010). An abusive boss can lose respect and influence from their team members. As a leader, your influence and power are not only about getting the Job done, itws about the relationships you develop in the workplace. A supervisor on my Job is retiring in a couple ot months and it seems ner whole attitude and demeanor nas changed. She seems to be on a quest to get all the people she wants out of the company and all that she wants promoted before she leaves. The influence and respect that she once possessed is no longer apparent or given to her and the orale in the office is very low. Her tactics to get the Job done are threatening, humiliating, and demeaning for some of the employees. They are afraid to go above her for the fear of retaliation, so they wait and hope that their Jobs are safe until she retires. French and Raven, social psychologists, identified five sources of power legitimate, coercive, reward, expert, and referent that help the dependent person directly or indirectly achieve his or her goals. Legitimate, reward and coercive are sources of power granted formally by the organization and informally by co-workers; hey are positional powers (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). Legitimate power is an agreement among organizational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others. It depends on mutual agreement from those expected to abide by this authority (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). True and lasting power comes from being a leader worthy of respect and admiration. If you treat people with dignity and respect, you will build a trusting relationship and people will look up to you, listen to what you say, and want to be like you. Reward power derived from the person ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, vacation schedules, and work assignments (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). This power comes with the position and can be taken away if the position is removed. Coercive power is the ability to apply punishment. Employees also have coercive power to ensure that co-workers conform to team norms (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You have this kind of power when youwre in a position to punish others if they don ¬wt do what you want. People fear the consequences of not doing what has been asked of them. Expert and referent powers are based on an individuws personal power. These powers are based on charisma, likeability, and positive feelings the leader generates among subordinates (Wood, 2010). There is research suggesting that charismatic leadership is negatively related to harmful behaviors in the workplace. For example, transformational leadership was negatively associated with safety accidents which harisma is a large component of (Hale, 2010). These powers originate from the power holders characteristics and are power bases brought to the organization. Expert power is an individualws or work uws capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others value (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). This power is based on what you know and will quickly gain you respect and influence in the workplace. It is all about knowing your Job and doing it well and not being afraid in learning all that you can. It could potentially be the basis for a managerial role for an employee. Referent power is a function ofa perso ¬ws interpersonal skills which allows others to identify with them, like them, or respect them and is associated with charismatic leadership (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). People are well liked and are considered role models because of their connection and concern for other people. People who are well-liked and respected nave a tremendous amount ot reterent power. A wise leader knows now and when to apply the right amount of power to influence an individual, group, or situation to move an agenda forward (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). In order to be an effective leader, a person cannot rely solely on either of these positions of power. Leading by example, offering rewards, or threatening punishments all can be used as power tools to accomplish goals, however more power can be gained by sharing it among the team in a more subtle and counterintuitive way (Wood, 2010). If you want your team to be ethical and respectful of each other, I believe the example should start from the top. Using influence tactics well requires a healthy combination of interpersonal, communication, presentation, and assertiveness techniques, verbal skills such as asserting, probing, ersisting, speaking conversationally, and willingness to ask for favors ( (Selling and Persuaion Techniques ). Influence refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someonws attitudes or behaviors (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You may try to exert your influence through coercion and manipulation and you might even get things done but that isn ¬wt really influencing. Thatws forcing people to do what you want them to do and often against their will. Effective leaders use combinations of various strategies for different purposes under different onditions which can be classified under three categories: retribution, reciprocation, and reason (Michelson).

Mcdonald’s senior restaurant case study free essay sample

Lisa Aham’s restaurant case is another example of how managers should analyze their businesses, their competitors and their customer environment to effectively adapt business strategy in carving out a niche that addresses customer perceived value while allowing the business to remain relevant, especially in a highly competitive industry such as the fast food industry. Even without knowing all of the statistical facts involved with this case, once can safely assume that the marketing strategy employed here is an effective one, perhaps one not being offered by rival restaurants. Aham’s ability to identify a target market with seniors, from what one could perceive as a careful assessment of the market that her McDonald’s operates in, and her ability to create a marketing mix such as the $1. 99 menu offering and the free coffee perks is certainly an effective differentiation strategy; one which customers have responded to positively as evidenced by the influx of the large crowd that consistently visited the restaurant. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonald’s senior restaurant case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now whether this is good image issue for McDonald’s, it depends largely on the company’s. According to the article, a key part of McDonald’s philosophy is what we see playing out at Aham’s restaurant; Aham’s actions seem to align with key parts of the company philosophies. It could be argued that she certainly has achieved some success in adapting those philosophies and combining them with elements of the marketing mix to help fulfill the overall business objectives and perhaps impacting the business’s bottom line. In practice, the marketing mix in this example is conveyed by the restaurant’s menu offering, the $1.99 meal, being offered at a price that is reasonably affordable, the free coffee refills take the form of the restaurant promotion and the meal products seem readily available to seniors at a convenience, both in place and time. The senior citizen market segment signifies the repeat customers that a restaurant typically target. According to the article, these seniors spend similarly to the average customer; they are neater than most customers and carefully clean up their tables before they leave. From a corporate perspective, they represent a dream niche that most restaurants could counton for guaranteed revenue. With them cleaning up after themselves, one can assume that they probably help keep variable labor costs down while consistently creating additional revenue by bringing in additional customers to the restaurant. All things equal, a cost benefit analysis would probably yield positive revenue to cost ratio. These are all positives that would seem to outweigh potential negatives at least in the short term, so from that point of view, no immediate actions would seem necessary. The Bingo idea on the other hand, is one that would need to be carefully examined. A restaurant has an obligation to be socially responsible by aiming to improve its positive effects in the environment in which it operates. Bingo, even with no monetary exchange, could still be perceived as organized gambling by some members of the society. Though the intention sounds good, the restaurant’s effort to create extra satisfaction, even while increasing revenue, could actually create a micro-macro dilemma effect that could be damaging to McDonald’s overall image. What is â€Å"good† for some other businesses and consumers may not always be good for society as a whole.